Mingmar Rai preserves Mundum tradition in Nepal

Mingmar Khaling Rai of Solukhumbu District, Nepal, carries on the Mundum tradition, a system of ritual recitation, that has been in his family for three generations.

He learned Mundum from elders while growing up, and now both performs the rituals and works to document and preserve them for future generations. Mingmar recognizes a danger in the loss of those who can both perform and interpret Mundum, and he uniquely bridges that gap with his knowledge.

He began learning Mundum at age nine, initially out of familial obligation, but developed a deep connection to the practice. Though he prioritized assisting his father with Mundum rituals over completing his own education, he views the ritual sites as his true universities, learning from experienced practitioners. Mingmar has also worked to reform some aspects of the tradition, reducing excessive alcohol consumption during rituals, which he felt diminished respect and threatened the practice’s continuity.

Over three decades, Mingmar has performed Mundum rituals across Nepal, driven by a desire to safeguard the tradition even when facing personal hardship and questioning his path. He initially considered seeking work abroad to support his family, but ultimately remained dedicated to Mundum, now supported by his son and a successful business. He works with the Kirat Khaling Upliftment Association to collect, transcribe, and publish Mundum texts, ensuring its survival for generations to come.