Qing dynasty rulers practiced role-playing

Paintings show that emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong of the Qing dynasty, who ruled China from 1678 to 1799, enjoyed role-playing long before Empress Dowager Cixi became known for similar activities.

Historians previously believed Cixi, who reigned from 1835 to 1908, pioneered this practice within the imperial court. Artwork reveals Yongzheng and Qianlong participated in role-playing, with Yongzheng known for his strict governance during his 13-year rule.

These paintings offer new insight into the personal interests of the Qing emperors and demonstrate a previously unknown aspect of court life.